Rhetorical Analysis Of Native American Poverty Politics Essay

Rhetorical Analysis Of Native American Poverty Politics Essay Despite the alarming data used to convince the reader that the plight of the Native Americans in poverty is due to government neglect, inattention and lack of aid, Tom Rodgers fails to succeed in his argument for more support. This rhetorical analysis, using a number of sources will counter Rodgers arguments that the government has failed to support and protect the Native Indian and provide more than adequate aid for the success and betterment of this group of indigenous peoples. Introduction Driving through virtually any Native American reserve, one can see the poverty that this group faces. Despite the beauty of this culture and the sense of community, it is not an easy existence. Nowhere has the distance between the haves and have-nots been more evident than on the native reserves of North America. Native Americans are suffering from a dearth of jobs, high poverty rates, and little education. The poverty rate among Native Americans is 28.4%. For the nation as a whole, the corresponding rate was 15.3 percent (United States Census Bureau, 2011). With this poverty have come the inherent poor housing, inferior education, lack of jobs, poor health conditions, and host of other problems typically seen in struggling communities. The Bureau of Indian Affairs was established to promote agricultural and economic development, provide health programs, social services and Native American schools. However, in recent years Native Americans have begun actively protesting their dissatisfaction with the bureau and have accused the government of mismanaging the monies to be given to the tribes and directly contributing to the dire poverty on the reservations. In Tom Rodgers piece, he declares that Poverty is both the cause and consequence of all the ills visited upon Native Americans. Failure to address poverty causes deprivation and hardship in these communities today, and robs the next generation of any opportunity to succeed and thrive tomorrow (Rodgers, 2008). Rodgers, a Native American and member of the Blackfeet tribe, is an advocate who works on the behalf of tribal governments, and a previous congressional staffer to a senator. Rodgers has declared that Native Americans are living in untenable situations and that it is time for the US government to make good on its promises of support. His piece goes on to say that although we have moved beyond wanton neglect and violence, our national response to the problem of poverty in Native American communities remains woefully inadequate (Rodgers, 2008). Rodgers tells us that Native Americans are some of the poorest in the entire nation and feels that support is needed for basic services an d that the United States, although one of the wealthiest nations of the world, has not adopted the United Nations proposal for adoption of the Declaration on the Right of the Indigenous Peoples (Rodgers, 2008). Rodgers deems that there is a need to expand formal rights and a better federal performance. Essentially Rodgers decries the level of awareness and recognition of Americans and the need for more aid. While one would never suggest that historically the Native Americans did not lose much when they were stripped of their lands, one could submit that ongoing government subsidies have perpetuated the cycle of poverty seen today on native reserves. In this piece, Rodgers neglects to show that funds given to tribes have been woefully mismanaged, fraudulently spent by the native councils, and have directly contributed to a general decline. Government officials designed many programs to alleviate conditions of desperation and poverty among Americas indigenous populations (Thompson, 2005). The result of Rodgers ignoring the fact that Native Americans have historically been one of the most funded groups in North America undermines his suggestion that more aid is the answer. Rodgers taps into our moral outrage and tries to evoke our sympathy using pathos by citing an example from 1862. In a time of starvation in a Dakota Sioux tribe, members were told, when the U.S. government failed provide the money owed to them by an Indian Agent, If they are hungry, let them eat grass or their own dung (Rodgers, 2008). While anyone would agree that this is a most heinous statement in response to rampant starvation, it is taken from a statement made 152 years ago! This is in no way a current sentiment, and just manages to underline Rodgers use of past transgressions to absolve natives from responsibility for the situation they are in today. This non sequitur, while shocking, does nothing to explain the situation as it exists today and leaves the reader wondering if this substantiates or gives credence to any argument that natives are not well funded and thereby neglected by The US government. In fact, in a piece written by John Stossel, he maintains that Yes, the gove rnment signed treaties with the tribes that make Indians special. But that specialness has brought the Indian socialism. Its what keeps them dependent and poor (Stossel, 2011). Rodgers argues that it is the due to Native Americans for more aid. He reasons that ethically and historically it is their appointed right. Yet, it is interesting to note that Africa, a nation amongst the poorest in the world, has adopted a new tradition of trade not aid. On the Good African website it states, We passionately believe that Trade is the only viable strategy for Africas economic and social development. Africa has received over US$ 500 billion in Aid over the last 50 years and yet despite these huge inflows, the continent remains mired in poverty, disease, and systemic corruption. There are many problems in using Aid as a vehicle for development. This is because handouts have never been an effective way to achieve economic transformation (Good African, n.d.). The website explains that aid undermines independence, erodes accountability and leads to dependency on donors. Whoever can say they have pride in something they did not earn? Rodgers does not take the time in his article to examine the generations who have received aid, and why despite the monies received, this society has been seemingly irrevocably broken down. By only stating that more aid is needed, it does not address the reasons why, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦when tribes as virtual wards of the state, and who have a government that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ manages their land, provides their healthcare, and pays for housing and child care, still manages to have the highest poverty rate, nearly 25 percent, and the lowest life expectancy of any group in America (Stossel, 2011). His part for the whole argument cannot stand when we see that while Africas solution of no longer relying on aid seems counterintuitive, its working, while the standard of giving aid to the natives in North America is not. Socialism will destroy America the same way it has destroyed the American Indian. If we are going to learn anything from the tribes and nations, it should be that the experiment h as failed (American Indian Tea Party Nation, 2010). Rodgers rally cry in his missive is his statement that The invisibility, silence, and neglect must end (Rodgers, 2008). His belief that Native Americans have no recognition of their plight bears no witness. The article further expresses his wish that as Barack Obama ascends to the White House, now is the significant moment to address the many problems Native Americans endure, including systematic poverty (Rodgers, 2008). This provokes the reader to believe that there is simply no recognition of the problem at hand, however, if one reads John Stossels depiction of the treatment of North American Natives; he debunks Rodgers statement with, The US government has helped no group more than it has helped the North American Indians. It stuns me when President [Barack] Obama appears before Indian groups and says things like, Few have been ignored by Washington for as long as Native Americans (Stossel, 2011). Clearly, the Native American issue has not only been recognized, it has been acknowl edged by government as high as the President of the United States. To state that there is no awareness or recognition as Rodgers has done is a fallacy and one that falls flat as the reader realizes that Rodgers has not succeeded in his argument and in fact only magnifies the embarrassment of riches that the Native American has received by comparison of any other group of people in the United States. Tom Rodgers does manage to evoke thought and compassion in the Natives plight. It awakens the reader to become more informed in regards to the extreme poverty issues surrounding this group of peoples. Where he fails to convince the reader that society is basically ignorant to the issues, and would have us believe no aid is forthcoming, he would have bettered his argument by relying on facts rather than playing on our sympathies. No one would deny the problem, but perhaps this piece would have been better received if solutions were put forth, rather than blame. There is and has always been aid provided, the tribes have been recognized, and every level of government has conceded that there are problems which continue to perplex. Rather than divisive argument to what devolves into finger pointing, it would behoove us to be creative in our solutions and continue to work together despite Rodgers conviction of our current inaction.

Christian Service Reflection Paper

Christopher Leveratto May 26, 2012 Scripture: Christian Service Reflection Paper Through the course of five weeks I have tutored a third grader by the name of Willy one hour each Thursday. Willy is a high-spirited kid who loves to learn. He goes to a school named Corpus Christi, a school I spent my sixth through eighth grade years at, and is also the organization I volunteered for. I chose this particular work because I love working with kids considering I have 4 younger brothers and sisters. This also gave me an opportunity to put my knowledge to good use and to be a good role-model towards Willy.What I gained from this experience is satisfaction from helping a young student cope with his academic struggles and learn to surpass them in order to be successful. I most definitely would do this project again if I had the chance. For the remaining five hours that I needed to serve I had a close friend of mine shadow me during school. I chose this particular work because I’ve alway s regretted not getting to know what school at Bishop Ireton was like so I offered my friend the opportunity to do so.What I gained from this experience is happiness from seeing my close friend again and the guarantee that she’ll be coming to our school next year. I would love to do this again so I may encourage as many students to come to our school so they may be a part of our Salesian community. Moses the prophet was a very loyal servant of God and he was the one who set the example for the Israelites while they were on his journey to the Holy Land. Since his encounter with God in the burning bush he was chosen to lead the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt.In this encounter God says to him, â€Å"I have indeed seen  the misery  of my people in Egypt. I have heard them crying out because of their slave drivers, and I am concerned  about their suffering. So I have come down  to rescue them from the hand of the Egyptians and to bring them up out of that land into a good and spacious land,  a land flowing with milk and honey  Ã¢â‚¬â€the home of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites  and Jebusites. And now the cry of the Israelites has reached me, and I have seen the way the Egyptians are oppressing  them.So now, go. I am sending  you to Pharaoh to bring my people the Israelites out of Egypt. † (Exodus 3:7-10) Once Moses rescued the Israelites he took them on a journey of 40 years to the Holy Land. The Israelites grew tired and started to regret coming with Moses. God then sent the 10 comandments to establish a guide line for the Israelites to follow. God explained these guidelines by saying, â€Å"I am the  Lord  your God,  who brought you out  of Egypt,  out of the land of slavery. You shall have no other gods before  me.You shall not misuse the name of the  Lord  your God, for the  Lord  will not hold anyone guiltless who misuses his name. Remember the Sabbath  day by keeping it holy. Honor your father and your mother,  so that you may live long  in the land  the  Lord  your God is giving you. You shall not murder. You shall not commit adultery. You shall not steal. You shall not give false testimony  against your neighbor. You shall not covet  your neighbor’s house. You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, or his male or female servant, his ox or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor. (Exodus 20) Moses was an example of a person who followed God’s every word and kept faith when all was lost. He guided those who needed him and were having trouble learning the ways of the Lord. This person inspired me to help others like Willy and my close friend so they may adapt to what they’re learning and have an opportunity to experience something new so they would be more comfortable when they do it. I continue to strive to be like Moses so I also can be a messenger of God who spreads kindness and knowledge to those arou nd him. I strive to be a prophet of God.

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Adhd - 904 Words

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The Assassination Of John Fitzgerald Kennedy Essay

The term conspiracy theory is defined as a belief that powerful people or groups are responsible for events or situations due to secret plans that are illegal or harmful. There are many conspiracy theories that captivated the American people, but the most controversy conspiracy theory that leaves many unanswered questions for years is the assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy. Friday on November 22, 1963, the 35th President of the United States, JFK, was shot at 12:30 PM while traveling in Dallas, Texas to appear in the next presidential campaign. Thousands of Americans whom was present at Dallas, Texas just witness the murder of the United States president. Many Americans believed that the United States government was behind the JFK assassination. Thousands of important evidence about the JFK assassination has been locked and sealed from the public eye at the National Archives Museum in Washington, D.C for decades. 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Ending The Aid Of Substance Abusers - 1727 Words

Grime 1 Carys Grime Professor Youngpeter Composition 2 April 21, 2015 Ending the Assistance of Substance Abusers The United States of America is a great nation, with many great opportunities for our country’s vastly diverse citizens. One of these opportunities is the provision of welfare for those citizens that need that little bit of extra help to keep going. However, this welfare is also a cause of great discontent among some of the other citizens of our country. These citizens opposing welfare may sound like they may be cruel or unsympathetic people, but they may have a solid basis for their disagreeing attitude. Some of the recipients of this welfare are not citizens unable to do work and provide for themselves. and many taxpayers do†¦show more content†¦They come in the form of child support, medical benefits, utility benefits and numerous other benefits as well (US Welfare System). Although the regulations and restrictions vary between states, there are some basic guidelines for becoming eligible for and continuing to receive this welfare money. These guidelines include that the children of the receivers attend school for full days, five days a week, the recipients must be 18 years of age or older and a citizen of the United States, the head(s) of the household must make a commitment to become self-sufficient within a certain time frame, and making all monetary resources known to the government are all examples of basic requirements of becoming eligible for welfare (US Welfare System). The overall goal of these programs is to help the participants work towards becoming self-sufficient within in set amount of time. Despite the goal of these programs, to aid those with financial need and assist them in raising their quality of life, more and more people are taking advantage of the good nature of these programs. Many of the people receiving these benefits are people that are legitimately in need of government assistance in order to be able to live their life. However, others are people that are abusing drugs, a lcohol and other narcotics on a daily basis and are unwilling to

Prevention of Absenteeism in Organisation Free Essays

How to reduce absenteeism in organisations 1. Identify the causes for an employee’s absenteeism. If you can find out why an employee is consistently absent, then you can deal more effectively with the problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Prevention of Absenteeism in Organisation or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, if an employee is often absent because of issues with childcare, you could offer them the option of more flexible working hours. 2. Implement a thorough record system. For every employee, you should record the date, duration and reason for each case of absenteeism. This way you will have evidence of each absence if you need to refer back to it. 3. Meticulously follow up on each case of absenteeism. You should write a letter recording each case of absenteeism and distribute it to the employee. This will make them aware they are being monitored and make them more likely to think before they take a sick day. 4. Properly inform and regularly update your employees about your standards and policies regarding absenteeism. If you make a change to your absenteeism policy, make sure you let your employees know. Even if you don’t make a change, you should still remind your employees regularly of the standards you have in place. You could do this via a company-wide email or memo. Employee absence is a significant cost to 90% of businesses, according to the survey. This section outlines ten tips to help you in managing absence and tackling poor performance in the workplace. Top 10 Absence Management Tips: Create an absence policy and communicate it 2 Record and measure absence 3 Reduce absenteeism by enforcing and managing the staff absence policy 4 Follow employee absence with return to work interviews 5 Proactive absence management – reward excellent attendance 6 Be realistic – plan for unscheduled staff absence 7 Consider unpaid leave or options to buy more holiday time 8 Minimise absence by improving their working conditions 9 Make controlling absenteeism a business priority 10 Keep your staff absence policy up-to-date How to cite Prevention of Absenteeism in Organisation, Essay examples

Personality (1356 words) Essay Example For Students

Personality (1356 words) Essay PersonalityPsychology covers a vast field, and one interesting aspect of it is personality. Personality by itself involves various issues. Some of which basic aspects arePsychoanalytic, Ego, Biological, Behaviorist, Cognitive, Trait, Humanistic andInteractionist. Though personality as a subject fascinates me a lot, whatinterests me the most in this subject is behaviorism. For me different types ofbehaviors are amazing to learn about, mainly the behavior therapy, collectivebehavior, crime and punishment, and Social behavior and peer acceptance inchildren. I chose Behaviorism over the other aspects because I believe Behaviordetermines human personality and is very interesting. You can tell what one isby his behavior, and one behaves according to what place he has in society. Bydoing this paper on Behavior, I hope to get a better understanding of, ifbehavior develops a personality or if personality guides behavior. I also seebehaviorism helping me in the future with my personal and professional career byunderstanding human personality and behaviour better than I do. No matter whatyour major is, if you can determine one`s personality by his behavior you canreally get your work done from that person and understand the better than youwould otherwise. This person could be your employee or your employer. BehaviorTherapy Behavior therapy is the application of experimentally derived principlesof learning to the treatment of psychological disorders. The concept derivesprimarily from work of Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov. Behavior-therapytechniques differ from psychiatric methods, particularly psychoanalysis, in thatthey are predominately symptom (behaviour) oriented and show little or noconcern for unconscious processes, achieving new insight, or effectingfundamental personality change. Behavior therapy was popularized by the U.S. psychologist B.F. Skinner, who worked with mental patients in a Massachusettsstate hospital. From his work in animal learning, Skinner found that theestablishment and extinction of responses can be determined by the wayreinforcers, or rewards, are given. The pattern of reward giving, both in timeand frequency, is known as a schedule of reinforcement. The gradual change inbehavior in approximation of the desired result is known as shaping. More recentdevelopments in behavior therapy emphasize the adaptive nature of cognitiveprocesses. Behaviour-therapy techniques have been applied with some success tosuch disturbances as enuresis (bed-wetting), tics, phobias, stuttering,obsessive-compulsive behavior, drug addiction, neurotic behaviours of normalpersons, and some psychotic conditions. It has also been used in training thementally retarded. Collective Behavior Much of collective behaviour is dramatic,unpredictable and frightening, so the early theories and many contemporarypopular views are more evaluative than analytic. The French social psychologistGustave Le Bon identified the crowd and revolutionary movements with theexcesses of the French Revolution; the U.S. psychologist Boris Sidis wasimpressed with the resemblance of crowd behavior to mental disorder. Many ofthese early theories depicted collective behaviour returned to an earlier stageof development. Freud retained this emphasis in viewing crowd behaviour and manyother forms of collective behaviour as regressions to an earlier stage ofchildhood development; he explained, for example, the slavish identificationthat followers have for leaders on the basis of such regression. Moresophisticated recent efforts to treat collective behavior as a pathologicalmanifestation employ social disorganization as an explanatory approach. Fromthis point of view collective behavior erupts as an unpleasant symptom offrustration and malaise stemming from cultural conflict, organizational failure,and other social malfunctions. The distinctive feature of this approach is areluctance to take seriously the manifest contest of collective behaviour. Neither the search for enjoyment in recreational fad, the search for spiritualmeaning on a religious sect, nor the demand for equal opportunity in aninterest-group movement is accepted to face value. An opposite evaluation ofmany forms of collective behaviour has become part of the analytic perspectivein revolutionary approaches to society. From the revolutionist ¦Ã‚ ¦spoint of view a much collective behavior is a release of creative impulses fromthe repressive effects of establish social orders.  ¦Ã‚ ¦Revolutionarytheorists such as Frantz Fanon depict traditional social arrangements asdestructive of human spontaneity, and various forms of crowd and revolutionarymovements as man ¦Ã‚ ¦s creative self-assertion bursting its socialshackles. ¦Ã‚ ¦ (MSN behaviorism Search/types of behaviors.) Crime andPunishment Psychologists have approached the task of explaining delinquentbehavior by examining in particular the processes by which behaviour andrestraints on behaviour are learned. (MSN behaviorism Search/crime andpunishment) Criminality is seen to result from the failure of the superego, as aconsequence either of its incompletes development or of unusually stronginstinctual drives.  ¦Ã‚ ¦The empirical basis for such a theory isnecessarily thin. Behaviour theory views all behaviour criminal and otherwise aslearned and thus manipulable by the use of reinforcement andpunishment. ¦Ã‚ ¦ Social learning theory examines the manner in whichbehaviour is learned from contacts within the family and other intimate groups,from social contacts outside the family, particularly from peer groups, and fromexposure to models of behavior in the media, particularly television. Mentalillness is the cause of a relatively small proportion of crime, but itsimportance as a causative factor may be exaggerated by the seriousness of someof the crimes committed by persons with mental disorders. Severe depression orpsychopathy may lead to grave offenses of violence. Social Behavior an d PeerAcceptance The peer relations literature is replete with studies showing thatchildren who demonstrate certain kinds of social behaviors while refraining fromother types of behaviors tend to be liked by their peers. For example, childrenwho play cooperatively and show leadership abilities usually enjoy high peeracceptance (Hatzichristou Hopf, 1996; Lass, Price, Hart, 1988). Onthe other hand, children who display high levels of aggressive behavior or whointeract with their peers in argumentative, disruptive, and sociallyinappropriate ways are often rejected by their peers (Coie Dodge, 1988;Dodge, 1983; Dodge, Coie, Pettit, Price 1990). Shy and withdrawn behavior,such as not playing interactively with peers, watching peers play rather thanjoining in, and wandering around a classroom or playground, also tends to beassociated with low peer acceptance (Lemerise, 1997). A study was designed toisolate the types of social behaviors that predict kindergartenchildren ¦Ã‚ ¦s peer ac ceptance when considering several types of socialbehavior simultaneously. The outcome of that question is important to helpparents, teachers, and others who work with young children understand whatsocial skills to specifically foster and promote in order to enhancechildren ¦Ã‚ ¦s perceptions of their peer acceptance. Previous researchhas discovered developmental differences in the associations between socialbehaviors and peer acceptance. Aggression, for example, is linked withproblematic peer relations from early childhood through adolescence, whilesocially withdrawn behavior begins to be associated with low peer acceptance inmiddle and late childhood (Rubin, Bookwork, Parker, 1998) Adultperceptions of children ¦Ã‚ ¦s confidence in their own peer acceptancealso may influence their social behaviors. Adults who believe children are notconfident about their peer acceptance might provide more opportunities to helpthese children develop play and friendship skills that could, in turn , lead tomore confidence in their peer acceptance. For example, a teacher who believes achild lacks confidence in his or her peer acceptance might pair the child withanother child who is confident about her peer acceptance, in order to provide amodel of behavior. In summary, this study investigated the associations betweenaggression, shyness/ withdrawal, prosocial behavior, friendship skill, andsocial behavior problems and peer acceptance in kindergarten students. .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 , .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 .postImageUrl , .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 , .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1:hover , .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1:visited , .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1:active { border:0!important; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1:active , .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Purpose Of Life EssayChildren ¦Ã‚ ¦s own feelings of peer acceptance, sociometric ratingsfrom peers, and teacher and parent perceptions of children ¦Ã‚ ¦sconfidence in their peer acceptance were included in the regression analysis toisolate the social behaviors that predict kindergartners ¦Ã‚ ¦ peeracceptance across informants. The present study also investigated differences insocial behaviors and peer acceptance among children of different genders andvaried ethnic backgrounds in a diverse school and community. After doing thispaper I came to the conclusion that behavior shapes personality. The researchinvolving children to learn social acceptance, showed us clearly that how onebehaves makes him what he is. I believe the same for adults. I believe if onebehaves in a certain way for a long time, not only society with believe you arewhat you are behaving as but he himself will start believing he is what he isbehaving as. Also I have learnt to be more patient with people because I take astep in the further and think why a person would behave in a particular way. Inow can see a clear difference between normal and abnormal behaviours to theknowledge I have gathered by reading about Skinner, Freud, Dollard and Miller.