Ending The Aid Of Substance Abusers - 1727 Words

Grime 1 Carys Grime Professor Youngpeter Composition 2 April 21, 2015 Ending the Assistance of Substance Abusers The United States of America is a great nation, with many great opportunities for our country’s vastly diverse citizens. One of these opportunities is the provision of welfare for those citizens that need that little bit of extra help to keep going. However, this welfare is also a cause of great discontent among some of the other citizens of our country. These citizens opposing welfare may sound like they may be cruel or unsympathetic people, but they may have a solid basis for their disagreeing attitude. Some of the recipients of this welfare are not citizens unable to do work and provide for themselves. and many taxpayers do†¦show more content†¦They come in the form of child support, medical benefits, utility benefits and numerous other benefits as well (US Welfare System). Although the regulations and restrictions vary between states, there are some basic guidelines for becoming eligible for and continuing to receive this welfare money. These guidelines include that the children of the receivers attend school for full days, five days a week, the recipients must be 18 years of age or older and a citizen of the United States, the head(s) of the household must make a commitment to become self-sufficient within a certain time frame, and making all monetary resources known to the government are all examples of basic requirements of becoming eligible for welfare (US Welfare System). The overall goal of these programs is to help the participants work towards becoming self-sufficient within in set amount of time. Despite the goal of these programs, to aid those with financial need and assist them in raising their quality of life, more and more people are taking advantage of the good nature of these programs. Many of the people receiving these benefits are people that are legitimately in need of government assistance in order to be able to live their life. However, others are people that are abusing drugs, a lcohol and other narcotics on a daily basis and are unwilling to

Prevention of Absenteeism in Organisation Free Essays

How to reduce absenteeism in organisations 1. Identify the causes for an employee’s absenteeism. If you can find out why an employee is consistently absent, then you can deal more effectively with the problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Prevention of Absenteeism in Organisation or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, if an employee is often absent because of issues with childcare, you could offer them the option of more flexible working hours. 2. Implement a thorough record system. For every employee, you should record the date, duration and reason for each case of absenteeism. This way you will have evidence of each absence if you need to refer back to it. 3. Meticulously follow up on each case of absenteeism. You should write a letter recording each case of absenteeism and distribute it to the employee. This will make them aware they are being monitored and make them more likely to think before they take a sick day. 4. Properly inform and regularly update your employees about your standards and policies regarding absenteeism. If you make a change to your absenteeism policy, make sure you let your employees know. Even if you don’t make a change, you should still remind your employees regularly of the standards you have in place. You could do this via a company-wide email or memo. Employee absence is a significant cost to 90% of businesses, according to the survey. This section outlines ten tips to help you in managing absence and tackling poor performance in the workplace. Top 10 Absence Management Tips: Create an absence policy and communicate it 2 Record and measure absence 3 Reduce absenteeism by enforcing and managing the staff absence policy 4 Follow employee absence with return to work interviews 5 Proactive absence management – reward excellent attendance 6 Be realistic – plan for unscheduled staff absence 7 Consider unpaid leave or options to buy more holiday time 8 Minimise absence by improving their working conditions 9 Make controlling absenteeism a business priority 10 Keep your staff absence policy up-to-date How to cite Prevention of Absenteeism in Organisation, Essay examples

Personality (1356 words) Essay Example For Students

Personality (1356 words) Essay PersonalityPsychology covers a vast field, and one interesting aspect of it is personality. Personality by itself involves various issues. Some of which basic aspects arePsychoanalytic, Ego, Biological, Behaviorist, Cognitive, Trait, Humanistic andInteractionist. Though personality as a subject fascinates me a lot, whatinterests me the most in this subject is behaviorism. For me different types ofbehaviors are amazing to learn about, mainly the behavior therapy, collectivebehavior, crime and punishment, and Social behavior and peer acceptance inchildren. I chose Behaviorism over the other aspects because I believe Behaviordetermines human personality and is very interesting. You can tell what one isby his behavior, and one behaves according to what place he has in society. Bydoing this paper on Behavior, I hope to get a better understanding of, ifbehavior develops a personality or if personality guides behavior. I also seebehaviorism helping me in the future with my personal and professional career byunderstanding human personality and behaviour better than I do. No matter whatyour major is, if you can determine one`s personality by his behavior you canreally get your work done from that person and understand the better than youwould otherwise. This person could be your employee or your employer. BehaviorTherapy Behavior therapy is the application of experimentally derived principlesof learning to the treatment of psychological disorders. The concept derivesprimarily from work of Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov. Behavior-therapytechniques differ from psychiatric methods, particularly psychoanalysis, in thatthey are predominately symptom (behaviour) oriented and show little or noconcern for unconscious processes, achieving new insight, or effectingfundamental personality change. Behavior therapy was popularized by the U.S. psychologist B.F. Skinner, who worked with mental patients in a Massachusettsstate hospital. From his work in animal learning, Skinner found that theestablishment and extinction of responses can be determined by the wayreinforcers, or rewards, are given. The pattern of reward giving, both in timeand frequency, is known as a schedule of reinforcement. The gradual change inbehavior in approximation of the desired result is known as shaping. More recentdevelopments in behavior therapy emphasize the adaptive nature of cognitiveprocesses. Behaviour-therapy techniques have been applied with some success tosuch disturbances as enuresis (bed-wetting), tics, phobias, stuttering,obsessive-compulsive behavior, drug addiction, neurotic behaviours of normalpersons, and some psychotic conditions. It has also been used in training thementally retarded. Collective Behavior Much of collective behaviour is dramatic,unpredictable and frightening, so the early theories and many contemporarypopular views are more evaluative than analytic. The French social psychologistGustave Le Bon identified the crowd and revolutionary movements with theexcesses of the French Revolution; the U.S. psychologist Boris Sidis wasimpressed with the resemblance of crowd behavior to mental disorder. Many ofthese early theories depicted collective behaviour returned to an earlier stageof development. Freud retained this emphasis in viewing crowd behaviour and manyother forms of collective behaviour as regressions to an earlier stage ofchildhood development; he explained, for example, the slavish identificationthat followers have for leaders on the basis of such regression. Moresophisticated recent efforts to treat collective behavior as a pathologicalmanifestation employ social disorganization as an explanatory approach. Fromthis point of view collective behavior erupts as an unpleasant symptom offrustration and malaise stemming from cultural conflict, organizational failure,and other social malfunctions. The distinctive feature of this approach is areluctance to take seriously the manifest contest of collective behaviour. Neither the search for enjoyment in recreational fad, the search for spiritualmeaning on a religious sect, nor the demand for equal opportunity in aninterest-group movement is accepted to face value. An opposite evaluation ofmany forms of collective behaviour has become part of the analytic perspectivein revolutionary approaches to society. From the revolutionist ¦Ã‚ ¦spoint of view a much collective behavior is a release of creative impulses fromthe repressive effects of establish social orders.  ¦Ã‚ ¦Revolutionarytheorists such as Frantz Fanon depict traditional social arrangements asdestructive of human spontaneity, and various forms of crowd and revolutionarymovements as man ¦Ã‚ ¦s creative self-assertion bursting its socialshackles. ¦Ã‚ ¦ (MSN behaviorism Search/types of behaviors.) Crime andPunishment Psychologists have approached the task of explaining delinquentbehavior by examining in particular the processes by which behaviour andrestraints on behaviour are learned. (MSN behaviorism Search/crime andpunishment) Criminality is seen to result from the failure of the superego, as aconsequence either of its incompletes development or of unusually stronginstinctual drives.  ¦Ã‚ ¦The empirical basis for such a theory isnecessarily thin. Behaviour theory views all behaviour criminal and otherwise aslearned and thus manipulable by the use of reinforcement andpunishment. ¦Ã‚ ¦ Social learning theory examines the manner in whichbehaviour is learned from contacts within the family and other intimate groups,from social contacts outside the family, particularly from peer groups, and fromexposure to models of behavior in the media, particularly television. Mentalillness is the cause of a relatively small proportion of crime, but itsimportance as a causative factor may be exaggerated by the seriousness of someof the crimes committed by persons with mental disorders. Severe depression orpsychopathy may lead to grave offenses of violence. Social Behavior an d PeerAcceptance The peer relations literature is replete with studies showing thatchildren who demonstrate certain kinds of social behaviors while refraining fromother types of behaviors tend to be liked by their peers. For example, childrenwho play cooperatively and show leadership abilities usually enjoy high peeracceptance (Hatzichristou Hopf, 1996; Lass, Price, Hart, 1988). Onthe other hand, children who display high levels of aggressive behavior or whointeract with their peers in argumentative, disruptive, and sociallyinappropriate ways are often rejected by their peers (Coie Dodge, 1988;Dodge, 1983; Dodge, Coie, Pettit, Price 1990). Shy and withdrawn behavior,such as not playing interactively with peers, watching peers play rather thanjoining in, and wandering around a classroom or playground, also tends to beassociated with low peer acceptance (Lemerise, 1997). A study was designed toisolate the types of social behaviors that predict kindergartenchildren ¦Ã‚ ¦s peer ac ceptance when considering several types of socialbehavior simultaneously. The outcome of that question is important to helpparents, teachers, and others who work with young children understand whatsocial skills to specifically foster and promote in order to enhancechildren ¦Ã‚ ¦s perceptions of their peer acceptance. Previous researchhas discovered developmental differences in the associations between socialbehaviors and peer acceptance. Aggression, for example, is linked withproblematic peer relations from early childhood through adolescence, whilesocially withdrawn behavior begins to be associated with low peer acceptance inmiddle and late childhood (Rubin, Bookwork, Parker, 1998) Adultperceptions of children ¦Ã‚ ¦s confidence in their own peer acceptancealso may influence their social behaviors. Adults who believe children are notconfident about their peer acceptance might provide more opportunities to helpthese children develop play and friendship skills that could, in turn , lead tomore confidence in their peer acceptance. For example, a teacher who believes achild lacks confidence in his or her peer acceptance might pair the child withanother child who is confident about her peer acceptance, in order to provide amodel of behavior. In summary, this study investigated the associations betweenaggression, shyness/ withdrawal, prosocial behavior, friendship skill, andsocial behavior problems and peer acceptance in kindergarten students. .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 , .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 .postImageUrl , .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 , .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1:hover , .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1:visited , .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1:active { border:0!important; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1:active , .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1 .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue1eb92ab00416eab21c2c701784d3ae1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Purpose Of Life EssayChildren ¦Ã‚ ¦s own feelings of peer acceptance, sociometric ratingsfrom peers, and teacher and parent perceptions of children ¦Ã‚ ¦sconfidence in their peer acceptance were included in the regression analysis toisolate the social behaviors that predict kindergartners ¦Ã‚ ¦ peeracceptance across informants. The present study also investigated differences insocial behaviors and peer acceptance among children of different genders andvaried ethnic backgrounds in a diverse school and community. After doing thispaper I came to the conclusion that behavior shapes personality. The researchinvolving children to learn social acceptance, showed us clearly that how onebehaves makes him what he is. I believe the same for adults. I believe if onebehaves in a certain way for a long time, not only society with believe you arewhat you are behaving as but he himself will start believing he is what he isbehaving as. Also I have learnt to be more patient with people because I take astep in the further and think why a person would behave in a particular way. Inow can see a clear difference between normal and abnormal behaviours to theknowledge I have gathered by reading about Skinner, Freud, Dollard and Miller.

U.S Involvement In The Vietnam War Essays - Vietnam War,

U.S Involvement in the Vietnam War "No new taxes." This is a quote that most all of us remember from the 1992 presidential election. Along with it we remember that there were new taxes during that presidents term in office. There are a myriad of promises made and things done in a presidential election year that have questionable motives as to whether they are done in the best interest of the people or in the interests of the presidential candidate. These hidden interests are one of the biggest problems with the political aspects of government in modern society. One of the prime examples of this is the Vietnam War. Although South Vietnam asked for our help, which we had previously promised, the entire conflict was managed in order to meet personal political agendas and to remain politically correct in the world's eyes rather than to bring a quick and decisive end to the conflict. This can be seen in the selective bombing of Hanoi throughout the course of the Vietnam War. Politically this strategy looked very good. However, militarily it was ludicrous. War is the one arena in which politicians have no place. War is the military's sole purpose. Therefore, the U. S. Military should be allowed to conduct any war, conflict, or police action that it has been committed to without political interference or control because of the problems and hidden interests which are always present when dealing with polit United States involvement in the Vietnam War actually began in 1950 when the U. S. began to subsidize the French Army in South Vietnam. This involvement continued to escalate throughout the 1950's and into the early 1960's. On August 4, 1964 the Gulf of Tonkin incident occurred in which American Naval Vessels in South Vietnamese waters were fired upon by North Vietnam. On August 5, 1964 President Johnson requested a resolution expressing the determination of the United Sates in supporting freedom and in protecting peace in southeast Asia ( Johnson ). On August 7, 1964, in response to the presidential request, Congress authorized President Johnson to take all necessary measures to repel any attack and to prevent aggression against the U. S. in southeast Asia ( United States ). The selective bombing of North Vietnam began immediately in response to this resolution. In March of the following year U. S. troops began to arrive. Although the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution specifically stated that we had no military, political, or territorial ambitions in southeast Asia, the interests back home were quite a different story ( Johnson ). The political involvement in Vietnam was about much more than just promised aid to a weak country in order to prevent the spread of communism. It was about money. After all, wars require equipment, guns, tools and machinery. Most of which was produced in the United States. It was about proving America's commitment to stop communism. Or rather to confine communism in its present boundaries But most of all it was about politics. The presidential political involvement in Vietnam had little to do with Vietnam at all. It was about China for Eisenhower, about Russia for Kennedy, about Washington D.C. for Johnson, and about himself for Nixon ( Post ). The last two of which were the major players in America's involvement in regards to U. S. Troops being used ( Wittman ). The military involvement in Vietnam is directly related to the political management of the military throughout the war. The military controlled by the politicians. The micro management of the military by the White House for political gain is the primary reason for both the length and cost, both monetary and human, of the Vietnam War ( Pelland ). One of the largest problems was the lack of a clear objective in the war and the support to accomplish it. The predominant military opinion of the military's role in Vietnam in respect to the political involvement is seen in the following quote by General Colin Powell, "If you're going to put into something then you owe the armed forces, you owe the American People, you owe just you're own desire to succeed, a clear statement of what political objective you're trying to achieve and then you put the sufficient force to that objective so that you know when you've accomplished it." The politicians dictated the war in Vietnam, it was a limited war, the military was never allowed to fight the war in the manner that they thought that they needed to in order to win it ( Baker ). To conclude on the Vietnam War, the political management of the war made

The uk authorities and the cfa criminal law and civil law The WritePass Journal

The uk authorities and the cfa criminal law and civil law Introduction The uk authorities and the cfa criminal law and civil law IntroductionBIBLIOGRAPHYRelated Introduction Insider dealing is considered to be legally and morally wrong by the UK authorities and the CFA. In UK, both criminal law and civil law cover the regulation for insider dealingï ¼Å'many investment analysts who are the members of CFA Institute behave under the CFA Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct. Before the description and effectiveness analysis of UK laws and CFA ethical rules which regulate insider dealing, it is necessary to discuss the reasons for regulating insider dealing. Although there are many arguments and reasons against regulation, it is generally acknowledged that insider dealing is detrimental to common investors, listed companies and stock market. Firstly, stock market is a just, fair and open market, but insider dealing violates this essential principle. With a convenience access to insider information, some use the information to trade in the market, it is not fair for other investors without access to insider information; Insider dealing makes the few profitable and the great majority unprofitable, it is not just; Insider information is not public and open for every investors. Secondly, insider dealing causes losses for investors by misleading them. To some extent, this would discourage investment by undermining investor confidence in stock market and even scare investors away. Thirdly, insider dealing does incalculable harm to reputation and market value of company. When a company scandal of insider dealing is exposed publicly, investors p robably believe that they have been treated unequally even cheated by this company, so investors will lose confidence in this company, causing damages to company reputation. Moreover, common investors lack of capital, time and professional skill, on purpose of risk reduction, they are willing to buy stock of the company with good reputation and without scandals of insider dealing. For the whole stock market, if there are no regulations for insider dealing, it cannot function normally and healthily, because investors will lose confidence in the fairness and profitability of stock market and then decrease and even stop doing transactions to prevent them from being victims of insider dealing. Finally, insider dealing may bring about moral hazard problem. Overall, there is no doubt that regulations for insider dealing are essential. In UK, insider dealing is regulated under the criminal law by Part V of the Criminal Justice Act 1993 (â€Å"the 1993 Act†). The structure of part V of â€Å"the 1993 Act† is shown below: Table of Contents of part V of â€Å"the 1993 Act†1 The offence of insider dealing 52. The offence. 53. Defences. Interpretation 54. Securities to which Part V applies. 55. â€Å"Dealing† in securities. 56. â€Å"Inside information†, etc. 57. â€Å"Insiders†. 58. Information â€Å"made public†. 59. â€Å"Professional intermediary†. 60. Other interpretation provisions. Miscellaneous 61. Penalties and prosecution. 62. Territorial scope of offence of insider dealing. 63. Limits on section 52. 64. Orders. S52 and S53 state the general definition of the offence of insider dealing, and in what circumstances, an individual who has information as an insider is (not) guilty of insider dealing. If an individual who has information as an insider, in the circumstances mentioned in subsection (3), deals in securities that are price-affected securities in relation to the information; encourages another person to deal in those securities; discloses the information to another person improperly, he is guilty of insider dealing.2 If an individual has information as an insider shows that he did not at the time expect the dealing to result in a profit; he believed on reasonable grounds that the information had been disclosed widely; he would have done what he did even if he had not had the information; he did not at the time expect any person, because of the disclosure, to deal in securities in the circumstances mentioned in subsection (3), he is not guilty of insider dealing.3 The sections of â€Å"Interpretation† expound the definition and explanation of several terms for the purposes of this Part. Briefly speaking, these sections tell us what are securities and â€Å"dealing† in securities mentioned in this part; what is â€Å"insider information† and information â€Å"made public†; who is â€Å"insider† and â€Å"professional intermediary†; interpretations of other terms such as â€Å"regulated market†, â€Å"issuer†, â€Å"company† and â€Å"public sector body†. S61 states the penalties for an individual guilty of insider dealing: on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum or imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to both; on conviction on indictment, to a fine or imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years or to both.4 It also states that proceedings for offences under this Part shall be instituted in England and Wales by or with the consent of the Secretary of State or the Director of Public Prosecutions.5 S62 states that an individual is guilty of an offence of insider dealing if: he was within the United Kingdom at the time of alleged dealing; the regulated market on which the dealing is alleged to have occurred is regulated in the United Kingdom; the professional intermediary was within the United Kingdom at the time of the offence committed; the alleged recipient of the information or encouragement was within the United Kingdom at the time of receiving the information or encouragement.6 In UK, the system of civil law of insider dealing involves legislations of â€Å"Financial Services and Markets Act 2000(FSMA)†, â€Å"The Code of Market Conduct of FSA (Financial Services Authority)† and â€Å"The Market Abuse Directive Instrument 2005 of FSA†. First of all, Part VIII of â€Å"FSMA† created the ‘civil offence’ of â€Å"market abuse† which includes insider dealing. According to Section 1 in Part I of â€Å"FSMA†, the body corporate known as the Financial Services Authority (â€Å"the Authority†) is to have the functions conferred on it by or under this Act.7 This means that â€Å"FSA† is the regulator of the financial services industry in the UK, given statutory powers by the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000. Part VIII of â€Å"FSMA† states the general definition of market abuse, and gives the authority power to prepare and issue a code containing such provisions as the Authority consi ders will give appropriate guidance to those determining whether or not behaviour amounts to market abuse,8 and to impose penalties in cases of market abuse. It also gives the authority power to investigate and court power to impose penalty in cases of market abuse. In the next place, â€Å"The Code of Market Conduct† given by FSA provides us the descriptions of different behaviours of market abuse. As the description stated in â€Å"The Code of Market Conduct†, insider dealing is where an insider deals, or attempts to deal, in a qualifying investment or related investment on the basis of inside information relating to the investment in question.9 In the sector of MAR 1.3 Market abuse (insider dealing), it provides several descriptions of behaviours and relevant factors and some examples of insider dealing, which give appropriate guidance to those determining whether or not behaviour amounts to insider dealing. Finally, about â€Å"The Market Abuse Directive†, â€Å"FSA† makes this instrument in the exercise of the powers and related provisions in relevant sections of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 and defining terms of market abuse. Overall, â€Å"FSMA† is a frame Act, and gives the power to â€Å"FSA† to publish the â€Å"Code on Market Conduct† which has been amended to implement the â€Å"Market Abuse Directive†. As a professional organisation, CFA Institute has issued self regulatory â€Å"Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct† for their members and candidates. In the first place, standard I (A) provides that members and candidates must understand and comply with all applicable laws, rules, and regulations of any government, regulatory organization, licensing agency, or professional association governing their professional activities. In the event of conflict, members and candidates must comply with the more strict law, rule, or regulation. Members and candidates must not knowingly participate or assist in and must dissociate from any violation of such laws, rules, or regulations.10 So the members and candidates of CFA in UK are responsible for understanding and complying with UK criminal law and civil law of insiderdealing. Next, standard II (A) provides that members and candidates who possess material nonpublic information that could affect the value of an investment must not act or cause others to act on the information.11 According to S56 of the â€Å"1993 Act†, the material nonpublic information that could affect the value of an investment is insider information, and according to S57 of the â€Å"1993 Act†, those members and candidates who possess insider information are insiders. Specifically, guidance for Standard II (A) gives members and candidates of CFA below contents for more attention. (1)Members and candidates must be particularly aware of information that is selectively disclosed by corporations to a small group of investors, analysts, or other market participants. Information that is made available to analysts remains nonpublic until it is made available to investors in general. Corporations that disclose information on a limited basis create the potential for insider trading violations.12 (2)Issues of selective disclosure often arise when a corporate insider provides material information to analysts in a briefing or c onference call before that information is released to the public. Analysts must be aware that a disclosure made to a room full of analysts does not necessarily make the disclosed information â€Å"public†. Analysts should also be alert to the possibility that they are selectively receiving material nonpublic information when a company provides them with guidance or interpretationof such publicly available information as financial statements or regulatory filings.13 (3) A financial analyst gathers and interprets large quantities of information from many sources. The analyst may use significant conclusions derived from the analysis of public and nonmaterial nonpublic information as the basis for investment recommendations and decisions even if those conclusions would have been material inside information had they been communicated directly to the analyst by a company. Under the â€Å"mosaic theory,† financial analysts are free to act on this collection, or mosaic, of inf ormation without risking violation.14 Part V of the Criminal Justice Act 1993 defines insider dealing as criminal offence, it is universally known that criminal offence is very severe illegal-activity, so to some degree just the existence of this criminal law of insider dealing can stifle some criminal offences of insider dealing. In event of insider dealing, this criminal would punish an individual who committed insider dealing to indirectly protect other investors without any compensation, but this indirect protection is not effectively enough. When control rights are concentrated, the restrictions may simply transfer profits from insiders to informed outsiders, leaving uninformed investors no better-off, unless the regulator ensures a concomitant improvement in investor protection standards.14 On the other hand, there are some problems and difficulties enforce this criminal law. First, insider dealing is happened in private and secret by just a phone call, a chat or something which do not leave any actual evidence, so if without effectively investigative techniques it is very difficult to detect or to collect evidence. Even though this can be done, the process will be costly. Moreover, for an individual who seriously committed insider dealing, fines and seven-year sentences is too light when compared with millions of pounds profit. UK civil law in some cases supplements criminal law, FSA can impose penalties of return of profit and restitution for those who can establish loss, but actually few victims can prove loss. CFA code of ethics and standards are self-regulations which have their own strengthens and weaknesses. There are six factors of self-regulation strengthen: flexibility, speed, expertise, acceptance, cost-efficiency, cross-border application, and of its weaknesses: contestability of markets, competitive distortions, insufficient scope, inadequate enforcement, regulatory arbitrage, conflicts of interest.15 Total word: 1912 (excluding word count, references, footnotes, endnotes, and bibliography) BIBLIOGRAPHY Part V of the Criminal Justice Act 1993 Part I of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 Part VIII of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 The Code of Market Conduct in Financial Services Authority Handbook Market Abuse Directive Instruments of Financial Services Authority CFA Study Session 1 Eva Hupkes, Journal of Business Law 2009 Regulation, self-regulation or co-regulation? Art A. Durnev and Amrita S. Nain, The Effectiveness of Insider Trading Regulation Around the Globe

Analysis of Tyrells Potatio Chips business

Analysis of Tyrells Potatio Chips business The team of the Tyrrell potato chips is very passionate about growing potatoes and turning them into delicious chips. Having travelled the world in the last nineties in search of the perfect potato chips production method and equipments. Therefore later on the equipment and methods were brought to Tyrrell’s court farm and launched a product that would be Britain’s best loved â€Å"premium† snack product. The main objective of the Tyrrell’s potato chips was to get closer to the customers. Therefore as a result Tyrrell potato chips developed a more sophisticated chip. He mainly cut the potatoes thicker so that it retained more potato flavor. Due to this the final product was very different from other products and therefore the customers were happy to pay a premium price for a superior quality and a better tasting product. Since the launch of Tyrrell potato chips in 2002, it has built over 4000 customers. They include independent retail customers and many pr estigious food retailers. Therefore Will Chase continues to evolve his dream and remain devoted to develop the Tyrrell’s brand using his Herefordshire farm. What advice would you offer Will Chase, the owner of â€Å"Tyrrell’s chips†, as to how to develop and grow its customer base amongst customers from higher social grades, without either changing or losing the perception of its product coming from a Herefordshire farmer. With reference to: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_base 2010 11:30am customer base is defined as: The customer base is the group of customer and/or consumers that a business serves. In the most situations, a large part of this group is made up of repeat customers with a high ratio of purchase over time. These customers are the main source of consumer spending. In many cases, the customer base is considered the business’s target market, where customer behaviors are well understood through market research or past experience. All act ions the company takes would be through consideration of its customer base. Companies with a customer base consisting mainly of large companies may increase their customer base by pursuing small and mid-size companies Businesses in war zones may temporarily expand their customer base to include military personnel, but ongoing violence can drive away a local customer base. The advice offered by me to Will Chase will be based on three main points i.e.: Maintaining company’s image Customer relationship management (CRM) Emphasis on core benefits of unique selling proposition (USP) Maintaining company’s image means that whatever action is taken by the members of the company it should make sure it gives a rise to the company’s name and not a fall. The company’s image can be maintained by considering the 4p’s of marketing, the 4p’s of marketing are as follows: product, price, place and promotion. Customer relationship management (CRM) is the overal l process of building and maintaining profitable customer relationships by delivering superior customer value and satisfaction. Unique selling proposition (USP) is a marketing concept that was first proposed as a theory to explain a pattern among successful advertising campaigns of the early 1940s. It states that such campaigns made unique propositions to the customer and that this convinced them to switch brands. The term was invented by Rosser Reeves of Ted Bates & Company. Today the term is used in other fields or just casually to refer to any aspect of an. object that differentiates it from similar objects

Lack of communication between students and academic advisors Essay

Lack of communication between students and academic advisors - Essay Example First, students are not assigned to ‘individual advisors’; in other words, they keep on changing advisors as the course of their study progresses; hence, the problem crops up as a result of inconsistent communication. For sure, there are differences in advising strategies from one advisor to another so once a student is not being assigned to his or her individual advisor throughout the entire duration of the study, it only blurs the approaches that students will have to implement in their studies. Second is record keeping: the downside of having to be assigned to various teachers is the lack of constant communication and the disarray of record-keeping. As aforementioned, each advisor has varying counseling and advising strategies; and this only cause nothing but potential confusion on the part of the student. Because they are not assigned to a single advisor, chances are they are not going to develop a singular approach towards their study or research. And that is aside from the fact that they do not get to meet their advisor on a permanent basis. Lastly, the issues on policies whether to employ individual advising or one on one advising or not only exacerbate the situation: academic institutions should be able to address this concern once and for all. Lack of communication between students and advisors is a result of inconsistency of meetings between students and advisors. If we can get the students assigned to a single advisor throughout the entire duration of their study, then there is a greater chance that they will be able to complete their degrees; but again, the decision entirely depends on the policies of the schools. The above argument proves that each student should be given a separate student and not a horde of people who just care to get done with their work without much caring about the probable outcomes of their research. Coming to our main issue, dealing with the biased attitude towards students that are not assigned to individual ad visors. Coming to other questions which state that since this is such a small proportion of people so why such big enforcements are needed? The answer is that they are citizens too and thence it is their right to have everything that is destined for them. Though, this is agreed that there are laws for the disabled but how many people respect them? And how many universities; both private and state universities, follow the instructions laid down by the ADA act? So the duty falls upon the fellow students to minimize their biases and help push the implementation of policies that encourage assignment to individual advisors. Contentions on Policy Changes One particular reason as to why assigning students to individual advisors cannot be carried out is that the student to teacher ratio suggests it cannot be done. Well, that is if the intention is to assign one student per advisor and that is it. However, assignment of students to individual advisors should not be defined by claiming the en tire exclusivity of the advisor for the students advising needs for the entire duration of the study. The point is that students needs to have â€Å"

Consumption and convergence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Consumption and convergence - Essay Example Consequently the concept now commands preponderance over format. The ensuing fusion of till now estranged media has finally made way for the virtual world that is far more interesting and tangible as compared to the utterly scattered version of reality offered by the analogous media. Murdock celebrates the advent of digitization by declaring that, â€Å"This age of analogue communications is now coming to an end. It is giving way to a new media landscape based on digital technologies (2008: 35).† Convergence is a natural and direct outcome of the homogenization of format made possible by digitization. Merriam-Webster dictionary defines ‘convergence’ as, â€Å"the merging of distinct technologies, industries or devices into a unified whole (2009).† Hitherto the concept of convergence had certain negative connotations associated with it because of the fear of a possible concentration of power and the annihilation of diversity. Yet, the fact is that convergence is a direct response to the needs and preferences of the contemporary consumer who thrives in a scenario where the line between work and entertainment is very think and the enhanced access facilitated by the compatibility of variegated portals is in high demand. It will get really feasible to grasp this idea by pragmatically comparing two recent instances of media convergence i.e. PS3 and Nintendo WII videogame consoles. On November 11, 2006, Sony Entertainment officially released its much anticipated Play Station 3 (PS3) video console in Japan. This was followed by a US release on November 17, 2006 and then in Europe on March 23, 2007. The PS3 was not being marketed as just a video game console but as a home multimedia system. This is because the PS3 is packed with various technologies that can readily be consumed through other platforms. The PS3 console is manufactured with an inbuilt BLUE RAY disc

The murders in Mary Shelleys Essay Example for Free

The murders in Mary Shelleys Essay There were however, moments when his conscience surfaced often did my human nature turn with loathing from my occupation this obviously shows us that Frankenstein was not completely enthralled by his work and that he did have some of his morals intact. But eventually his true reasoning behind his experiments surfaces. Frankensteins whole intention was to play God and to create a creature different from humans. `A new species would bless me as its creator. This shows us that Frankenstein feels that by completing his experiments he could become almost God-like by holding the power of life and reviving the dead. This can also be seen through the title of the novel Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus, as Prometheus stole fire from the Gods, Frankenstein stole creation from the Gods for the betterment of humanity. The stronger theme is that of discrimination to outsiders. The character of Frankenstein is not represented as evil. He is self-centred and single minded in his pursuit to create perfection and learn, the secrets of heaven and hell. He doesnt consider the implications of his hazardous research or believe that anything could possibly go wrong, his intentions he believed were good. Shocked at his failure and unable to accept his loss of control over his creation Frankenstein runs away from the problem. He is too vain to confess that what he has done is wrong and will not reveal his secrets to even his most loyal friend Clerval. He almost lives in a dream world, believing that he can become an architect of life and respected by all. Frankensteins ultimate weakness is his failure to admit failure. In this way Frankenstein could be held partly responsible, inevitably it was the monster that had killed. His killings were premeditated and targeted in who he was to kill, he did not kill to defend himself but to cause pain to Frankenstein. When the creature is first brought to life, he is confused; he is quick to develop an understanding of the sense of pain, heat, hunger and cold. He marvels and delights like a child at the sights and sounds of nature. He is puzzled by the beating that he receives from the villagers and resolves to keep his distance and observe them, hoping that he will discover why they drove him away. We can clearly see that there is no anger or desire for revenge at this stage, the creature delights in their beauty and happiness and shares their sorrows, when they were unhappy, I felt depressed, when they rejoiced, I sympathised in their joys i He has no evil intentions towards anyone or anything at this stage, he is still very innocent. This could have been a deliberate portrayal by Shelley to make the creation like a child, impressionable by society. However, when the monster tries to help others, he is rewarded not by acceptation into society but by physical abuse. When he is shot after trying to save a small girl he vowed eternal hatred and vengeance to all mankind i The monster showed no hatred to mankind until he was repeatedly rejected by society and even the De Lacey family who he thought he was close to abandoned him, as had his creator. In this way we can see that throughout the novel society rejects someone who is different, which meant the monster could not live like others, but in stead live an existence where he sought human companionship even though they rejected him. The monster says that his reasoning for his murders was, ` the barbarity of man. so Shelley is trying to show us that monster murdered because he was rejected by man. The monster says ` I am malicious because I am miserable because he was outcast from the world forever. So society is partially responsible for the murders. In conclusion we can see that the question, Who is responsible for the murders in Frankenstein? cannot be answered by placing the blame wholly onto one character. In fact Frankenstein, his creation and society as a whole played a part in the deaths. Although it may have been the monster who strangled William and murdered both Elizabeth and Clerval it was Frankensteins inability to admit to his faults that led to the death of Justine. As Frankenstein could not be bold enough to let other people know that it was not Justine who killed William but his creation. If Frankenstein had divulged his secret then they would know it was the monster who perpetrated the murders. Furthermore, if Frankenstein had told Clerval of the monster then Clerval may not have died, but this can be said for all the murders that occur in the novel. So it was the monster that killed not to defend himself but to have his revenge on a society who judged him not by his morals but by the way he looked. As can be said for our society today which contains many people who discriminate others because of sex, age or race. I feel that Victor is mainly responsible, he started an experiment to which he had given no thought and when he was not happy with the result he ran away hoping that it would pass over but it didnt. Even though he had numerous chances to admit to his failure it was only when it was too late that he confessed.

Fission Or Fusion :: essays research papers

Fission or Fusion I think that right now, fission is the only way that we can get more energy out of a nuclear reaction than we put in. First, the energy per fission is very large. In practical units, the fission of 1 kg (2.2 lb) of uranium-235 releases 18.7 million kilowatt-hours as heat. Second, the fission process initiated by the absorption of one neutron in uranium-235 releases about 2.5 neutrons, on the average, from the split nuclei. The neutrons released in this manner quickly cause the fission of two more atoms, thereby releasing four or more additional neutrons and initiating a self-sustaining series of nuclear fissions, or a chain reaction, which results in continuous release of nuclear energy. Naturally occurring uranium contains only 0.71 percent uranium-235; the remainder is the non-fissile isotope uranium-238. A mass of natural uranium by itself, no matter how large, cannot sustain a chain reaction because only the uranium-235 is easily fissionable. The probability that a fission neutron with an initial energy of about 1 MeV will induce fission is rather low, but can be increased by a factor of hundreds when the neutron is slowed down through a series of elastic collisions with light nuclei such as hydrogen, deuterium, or carbon. This fact is the basis for the design of practical energy-producing fission reactors. In December 1942 at the University of Chicago, the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi succeeded in producing the first nuclear chain reaction. This was done with an arrangement of natural uranium lumps distributed within a large stack of pure graphite, a form of carbon. In Fermi's "pile," or nuclear reactor, the graphite moderator served to slow the neutrons. Nuclear fusion was first achieved on earth in the early 1930s by bombarding a target containing deuterium, the mass-2 isotope of hydrogen, with high-energy deuterons in a cyclotron. To accelerate the deuteron beam a great deal of energy is required, most of which appeared as heat in the target. As a result, no net useful energy was produced. In the 1950s the first large-scale but uncontrolled release of fusion energy was demonstrated in the tests of thermonuclear weapons by the United States, the USSR, Great Britain, and France. This was such a brief and uncontrolled release that it could not be used for the production of electric power. In the fission reactions I discussed earlier, the neutron, which has no electric charge, can easily approach and react with a fissionable nucleus ,for example, uranium-235. In the typical fusion reaction, however, the reacting nuclei both have a positive electric charge, and the natural repulsion between them, called Coulomb repulsion, must be overcome before they can join.

Old Age Home Essay

Abstract The elderly population is rising globally and similar trends are being observed not only in Asia but also in Pakistan. A developing country facing several challenges in the form of political instability, lack of economic growth, low savings of the elderly, weak pension system, makes life challenging for the elderly. Pakistan’s demographic trends show that between 1990 till 2010, the population aged 60+ years increased by 75.1 %. It is projected that the life expectancy will increase to 72 years by 2023. WHO report (1998) projected that 5.6 % of Pakistan’s population was over 60 years of age, with a probability of doubling to 11 % by the year 2025. Pakistan is a socially cohesive society and elders are valued and respected. It is normally considered to be the responsibility of the eldest son to take care of their parents. In spite of a socially cohesive society in Pakistan, in some segments, norms have been changing and recently, one can notice a clear turn down of the e xtended family system. Children leave their parents and there is no one who could look after their needs. Consequently, the abandoned parents land up in old homes. With meager resources and a poor understanding of aging; Pakistan faces many challenges in caring as well as provision of facilities for its elderly population. This present report highlights the comparison between the quality of facilities that are provided to older people in home and private or government institutes. Future possibilities for improvement of facilities for the good health and wellbeing of our elderly are also discussed. Read more:  Problems Faced by Old Age People Introduction of gerontology Gerontology is an introduction to the field of human aging. Gerontology is multidisciplinary in nature as all aspects of human aging are viewed in this subject. This means that the study of aging combines information from several separate areas of study. Biology, sociology, and psychology are the â€Å"core† or basic areas, along with content from many other areas of study such as public policy, humanities, and economics. Gerontology includes the study of physical, mental, and social changes in older people as they age, the investigation of the changes in society resulting from our aging population as well as the application of this knowledge to policies and programs for the assurance of better quality of life for older people in the  community, the state and the nation. Taking care of our elders is an Islamic obligation and also an integral cultural norm in Pakistan. Despite being a socially cohesive society; the decline of extended family systems is evident. This has affec ted the respected status of the elderly enjoyed in their later years. As nuclear family system is increasing in urban areas, they are unable to take charge of the elderly due to many socio-economic and cultural constraints. So they have begun to seek assistance from formal institutions engaged in elderly care. Importance of gerontology: Gerontology is very important as people working in aging report great satisfaction in addressing the challenges of those who are growing older, helping to maintain the quality of their lives, and enjoying the wit, wisdom, and creativity of the older persons with whom they come in contact. Even as a student you can make a difference; your community can benefit from volunteer work you do with older persons. Later, as a professional in the field, you can continue to serve the community as a volunteer, for example, by speaking about various aspects of aging to civic and community groups or teaching in pre-retirement programs. Working in the field of aging provides an opportunity to influence positively the agencies and organizations serving older persons and the legislation and policies that affect their lives. Studying aging also gives you a perspective on your own aging and insight into the aging of your family members. Review of literature The older population has been growing at an unprecedented rate. In 1980, just prior to the convening of the First World Assembly on Ageing, there were 378 million people in the world aged 60 years or above. In followed figure has risen to 759 million over the past three decades and is projected to jump to 2 billion by 2050. Actual and projected global population aged 60 years or over, 1980, 2010 and 2050 Our Religion stresses a lot on the rights of elderly people and we are asked to serve elderly relatives of our parents if parents are not alive. We make  fun of the West that they send their parents to â€Å"Old Houses† and do not bother to inquire about them. Now if we analyze that what is happening to elderly people especially in the poverty struck rural areas it gives us following haunting facts : – Elderly people die miserably due to lack of food and medical attention. They develop psychotic disorders due to depression and dejection. They develop certain diseases by not eating healthy food which is not providing the necessary multi-vitamins needed to survive in the old age. Employee’s Old age benefits pension money is used by their family members. They have very limited social life. Lack of religious and basic education deprived them from doing anything useful to pass the time. Children of even well settled families tend to ignore grandparents who just need to share love with them and focus. Sheltered housing provides social contact and a secure environment that appeal to many older people. Sheltered housing has proven to be popular for a minority of people as alternatives to residential care or high intensity old homes. They provide flexible care and 2 accommodation suited to those with mobility problems. Satisfaction levels are high, particularly in relation to access to care and the provision of meals. Housing expectations changed, issues with this form of provision started to emerge in the 1980s. The difficulties identified in the provision of sheltered housing are now well known. A review of the factors leading to difficulties with letting sheltered accommodation (in England and Wales, 1994-5) found that 92% of local authorities and 79% of large housing ass ociations had encountered some difficulty in letting their stock. Furthermore, 8% of local authorities and 14% of housing associations found over half of their traditional sheltered housing units difficult to let (Tinker et al, 1995). Now be somewhat dated, though the issues encountered have been reiterated since then. Following are the old age homes difficulties or issues have been identified: Size of properties was often identified as particularly problematic, with bedsits being the least popular, and single bedroom flats being increasingly seen as too small for older people, particularly couples and those being encouraged to down-size from larger social rented housing. Access difficulties, particularly where properties are on upper floor without lift access; wheelchair access can also be problematic. Guidance on the development of  new sheltered housing in Scotland in 1980 specified that sheltered units should be on ground or first floor, unless a lift was provided (Scottish Development Department, 1980), and this was not revised with more accessible specifications until Housing for Varying Needs was introduced in 1998 (Pickles, 1998). The neighborhoods in which sheltered schemes are located have changed significantly since their initial development, with the closing of local shops and services, and reductions in public transport. They may also now be in areas where other housing and social issues make them unpopular for all tenants, not just older people. The introduction of the European working time directive and other developments in human resources mean that the role of the scheme manager has had to change. This also reflects the changing cli ent group that is living in sheltered housing. The increasing age of residents in sheltered schemes meant that the level of support available from the scheme manager was insufficient, and prior to the developments in widespread community cares and support services, this was a significant issue. Some areas may have an over-provision of sheltered housing units. Richard and Gill Walker, looks into the social context of housing for aged ones. It covers the demographic material, facts about social framework of old homes for older people. This includes a review of demographic information, evidence relating to the needs, perspectives and choices of the aged people with respect to this housing, along the problems of segregation and marginalization and their impact on their livings. Philip O. Sijuwade did his study about Self-Image of Aged which looks into the different approaches , stereotypes, and age factors which regulates suitable behaviors for the older ones(social image). It states that, old ones have developed their self-image too, which depicts the way they think of themselves and the way ‘others’ think of them. This is based on primary research states that stereotypes have been built about the aged people of the society and they are not treated in the way they deserve to be. Residential satisfaction of the older adults in ag e-segregated facilities is described by Sandra G. Reynolds and Julia O. Beamish which looks into the housing satisfaction of old home people with liberated living services. Twenty one residents contributed as a focus group and results showed that these old people liked  safe and secure atmosphere and value good design, friendly neighborhood, privacy and residential characteristics. G. Clare Wenger and Richard Davis, indicates that main factors of social isolation includes marital status, social interaction, health conditions, behavior of ‘others’, type of networking and loss of mobility. They conclude nothing could be generalized about it but trends in society have old ones feeling marginalized on this earth. It can vary on according to personal background and situation. In some cases, older ones are forced to live in a residentially segregated area whereas in other cases, aged people are themselves willing to have such segregation. The reasons for which older ones preferred institutional living arrangement are for preservation of dignity and respect, peace of mind, avoidance of familial conflict along with the provision by fulfillment of all basic needs, unwillingness to depend on family members on economic and social basis. One of the famous sociologists Livson conducted a research ,‘The Transition into Retirement and Old Age’ in 1962 and found that survival of family, economic condition and health condition along with other factors plays important role as individuals adopts to grow old. She is of the view that changes in economic and health status are not only the issues which require our attention. Most important issue is the adjustment of that particular person into the current situation according to the increasing age. references Project funded by a generous grant from Andrus Foundation  © Copyright 2001 — Careers in Aging http://www.careersinaging.com/careersinaging/what.html http://www.academia.edu/1854670/Aging_and_Elderly_in_Pakistan http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/ageing/documents/publications/current-status-older-persons.pdf http://www.careersinaging.com/careersinaging/why.html http://memberfiles.freewebs.com/84/90/65819084/documents/Aging%20in%20Pakistan.pdf

Endangered Species Essay

Endangered Species An endangered is a species where the number of the animal’s population has decreased to a point where there is a risk of extinction. Habitat destruction, pollution, and over harvesting has led to extinction. As of 2013, studies show that global extinction threatens more than 30%of at least 70,200 species. The World Wildlife Fund has stated that one of the â€Å"great extinction episodes† of in Earth’s history is currently under way. Animals becoming endangered is a major threat to ecosystems around the world. Animals are a part of the constant cycle that keeps the nature of it’s habitat in balance. If you were to take away the animal, it takes away a crucial part of the cycle, and many other parts of the cycle would perish without the animal’s contribution. Humans are at fault for the mass amount of endangered species because of the detrimental environmental habits that they have. This puts us to great shame and leaves us responsible for these innocent animals.

Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture Essays

Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture Essays Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture Paper Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture Paper Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture Robert Venturi In this article the author Venturi talks about the importance of applying inner complexity and contradiction to create more sophisticated, diverse architecture over over-simplified, black-or-white architecture. Non Straightforward Architecture: Gentle Manifesto In modern society even a simple building holds many complex aspects, its program, structure, mechanical program, and expression. The author opens up a view that is different from the traditional, orthodox idea of architecture: embracing the problems, challenges, complexities the design has to resolve. Venturi prefers richness of meaning and inconsistency over clarity and directness. However, he also states that the complexity and contradiction of the architecture shouldn’t be excluded from the whole. It has to hold its truth to the totality. Complexity and Contradiction vs. Simplification or Picturesqness Many modern architects have ignored the diversity and the sophisticated elements to try so hard in their attempt to break through traditions. They have abandoned solving complex problems and including various requirements. The principle of modern architecture, â€Å"less is more† has been taken the wrong way. The strong attempts to follow the simplicity of modern architecture, many modern architects have sacrificed important considerations and even oversimplify the architecture. Forced simplicity can result in oversimplified architecture and it can mean bland architecture. The desire for simplicity doesn’t have to sacrifice the inner complexity of the architecture. However, the desire of complex architecture is not of picturesqness or subjective expressiveness; it’s that of the program and medium of architecture. Ambiguity Ambiguity and tension are easily found in complex and contradictory architecture. Architecture is perceived by its form and structure, its texture and material. Therefore, how the architecture is perceived depends on the viewers’ personal opinions, experiences, and interpretation of the form, structure, texture, and material of the architecture. In comparison to a poem, the author discusses that a successful architecture promotes diverse opinions, perceptions, and experience of the architecture with great tension. Contradictory Levels: The phenomenon of â€Å"Both-And† in Architecture The traditional architecture is characterized by â€Å"either-or† while the architecture of complexity and contradiction is characterized by â€Å"both-and. † The source of both-and being contradictory gives different levels of meanings and values among the architectural elements. The observer’s perception of the architecture becomes more vivid because it involves more rigorous observation for the meanings and values of the architectural elements. Complex and contradictory architecture have both good and bad spaces. It is the architect’s responsibility to decide what elements he or she wants to compromise for the whole. The complexity and contradiction of architecture gives multiple meanings and experiences to the users at different time and from different point of view. After reading this article, I realized the importance of providing more interesting, vivid, diverse architecture to the users. It is not always about the beauty and apparent function of the architecture. It is the architect’s responsibility to create diverse and various levels of experience for the observers. It is so fascinating to know that I can create a single space which people can experience multiple meanings of the space at multiple points of time. I think that is one of the important aspects of what I consider successful architecture.

The purpose of Building Standards Dissertation

The purpose of Building Standards - Dissertation Example In the UK, over one third of the carbon dioxide emissions come from buildings. The emission of carbon dioxide is very harmful to the environment and in order to protect the ozone layer we have to emphasise the importance of standards. Building Standards are fundamental to the health and safety of us all. In this regard the authorities are working hard to ensure that standards are achieved and continuously improved. Compliance and enforcement has become new issues as standards are being adapted to keep abreast with design, technology, materials and construction, as well as energy conservation issues. However, there has been increasing concerns with regards to the level of compliance, frequency, pace and increasing complexity of these changes. Construction standards have evolved overtime with frequent and more complex Building Regulations since the 1990’s. These changes relate to: Structure of buildings, Fire safety to both dwelling houses and other buildings, Site preparation a nd resistance to contaminants and moisture; Toxic substances; Resistance to the passage of sound; Ventilation; Hygiene; Drainage and waste disposal; Combustion appliances and fuel storage systems; Guidance and Supplementary Information on the UK Implementation of European Standards for Chimneys and Flues; Conservation of fuel and power to existing dwelling houses, other buildings, new dwelling houses and other new buildings; access to and use to buildings; Glazing – safety in relation to impact, opening and cleaning.

Chose a topic on requirements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Chose a topic on requirements - Essay Example Studies reveal that the larger part of the population of k12 standard studies in public schools. This wouldnt be much of a story if the information on school execution upheld these presumptions. Yet private schools are frequently outflanked by their open partners. Certainly, private schools frequently have higher crude test scores. In any case they likewise have a tendency to serve more advantaged populaces. Thus, when elements like salary, race, and parental training are considered, private schools dont seem to include to the extent that as one may accept they do. Charter schools are some piece of the reinvention of government funded instruction. They initially rose in the 1990s as a conspicuous and disputable school change thought. Folks, instructors, and group associations are the authors of most Charter schools, however some are begun by revenue driven organizations. Charter schools are state funded schools that have been liberated of numerous prohibitive principles and regulations. In exchange, these schools are required to attain particular instructive results inside a certain period (typically three to five years) or have their contracts disavowed. But according to a study, there is no significant effect observed on the performance of students in their test scores, in charter schools (Bettinger, 2005). There are no normal charter schools. Normally littler than state funded schools, 60 percent of sanction schools have fewer than 200 people. They additionally have a tendency to have distinctive evaluation designs from other state funded schools, for example, kindergarten through evaluation 8 or 12, and ungraded schools. Dissimilar to government funded schools, some sanction schools concentrate on a specific branch of knowledge, for example, math, science, expressions of the human experience, or engineering. Charter school implementation additionally neglects to match open recognitions. As examination demonstrates, sanction school quality shifts

Apply appropriate macroeconomic analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Apply appropriate macroeconomic analysis - Essay Example The economic profit is attained from the difference of national income and the addition of MPL x L to MPK x K. this can be summarized into the formular below. Economic Profit = Y – ((MPL x L) + (MPK x K)) Hence, Y is connected to unemployment, the available capital and the paid wages. The disparity between Y in presence or absence of lowering G is relevant to the government’s higher savings. According to the curve, it can be suggested that the government saves money by lowering G. in the short run there is decrease from 2.79% to 1.13% in the year 2003 while in the long run in 2009, there is an increase to 3.4% from 2.5%. in the IS-LM model, the change in the financial policy attributes to shifting of IS along the LM curve hence declining Y might accompany a contradictory policy. There is rise in the unemployment curve after reduction of G by 10% . This is evident in the decrease of the demanded labour causing the decrease of the Y. furthermore, it is shown that wage rig idity results in to unemployment. The need for labour declines with the decrease in Y and so the unemployment or Y reduces, hence wages maintain the level and unemployment increases. Wages change the market adjustments till the decreasing unemployment in the long run. Inflation relates negatively with unemployment. The decreasing inflation is caused by the rate of unemployment. Thus, declining unemployment causes increasing inflation since low wages and increased investments in the long run. In 2006 there was an inflation standing at 2.24% without the introduction of the change as compared to -1.84% caused by the change. The multiplier effect suggests that the government debt is also affected by decreased government expenditure. The decrease of Y is greater than the decrease in the expenditure leading to reducing taxes therefore a greater deficit in budget results. More increasing Y debt reduces. This explains the decrease in the budget deficit in the long run. The virtual economy m odel illustrates the exchange rate. The increase expressed is a decline in theory since the IS curve shifts to the left because of the cut in government expenditure. The subject virtual economy illustration is from the fact that it relies on the models utilized by American economy. Hence, the exchange rate has to be observed differently. The exchange rate does not directly influence the national income since the net exports rice in a laissez-fair economy whenever e is little. Nonetheless, according to this illustration, it is more costly to import product from foreign countries. Selected Policy Mix The general target of the government is to stabilize the economy rather than upsetting it. There are some economists suggesting that the government has to disturb the economy at some instances to keep it balanced. The United Kingdom policy maker should come up with the policy that will contain these challenges. The government should adopt fiscal policy. Adopting this policy will enable th e government to achieve stable exchange rate as result an equilibrium balance of payment will be achieved. Thus there is an inherent belief that the economy is unstable with shocking influences on the demand and supply. Conversely, economists feel that the economy is always stable in itself in spite of bad policies that lead to acute fluctuations. Hence the

PEM in Mexico Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PEM in Mexico - Essay Example It can also affect nutrient conversion to the energy vital for healthy organ function and tissue development. This paper seeks to discuss PEM in Nigeria and how this country manages it. In Nigeria, there is still a high burden of protein-energy management. The severe characteristics of the illness are typically related to high mortality rates even in the health facilities. Several strategies have been set up to aid in reducing the severity and incidence of PEM. The government initiates a randomized distribution of zinc supplements to the prevalent areas (Garman & Royer, 2011). The locals have realized local products like honey help in reducing the severity of PEM. The Nigerian government has set up strategies to ensure sufficient food security in places prone to the disease. These programs are proving to be successful where the randomized distribution helps the vulnerable communities in Nigeria. The non-governmental organizations are also taking a huge part in countering the disease in Nigeria. They distribute high-energy packaged foods like F100 and F75 (Johnston & Stoskopof, 2010). UNICEF has played a major role in distribution to children admitted for severe PEM. Similar arrangements are developed at the several hospital surroundings in Nigeria are named as high-energy mixture (HERMIX), Kwash pap in Nigeria. For improvement, storage and preservation of the high energy food is an important step by both the government and locals. The government should find out different other ways to ensure food security all year-round. Presently, vitamin A is augmented through the repetitive vaccination and National Immunization Days (NID). The government can mandate companies manufacturing countless domestic food items such vegetable oils, sugar and salt to strengthen them with these vitamins and trace elements. Families with low socioeconomic status are the most vulnerable to

The Design Of The Movie Poster Film Studies Essay

The Design Of The Movie Poster Film Studies Essay A poster can be described as a placard or bill, generally huge and frequently incorporating photographs or designs, posted up for marketing or advertising or for decorative reasons. The functions of those which publicize comprise communication, selling and influencing. This does not rule them out being attractive. Certainly the first job of a poster is to draw the attention of the spectator and simply once this is done can a meaning be delivered. A first-class poster then is one which is attention-grabbing, to the point, persuasive and unforgettable. To attain these goals designers may employ a large design and bold colour, plain and minimum text and striking illustrations which mentally support and strengthen the printed words. Simultaneously designers must believe the constraints imposed by the methods and places of display and contest from other posters whose messages perhaps will be as critical and absolute. Poster design merges the fine and applied arts, incorporating painting, graphic design, collection, and cinematography. In countries where TV is not a main advertising means the poster remains a fleeting yet successful means of reaching the widest spectators on behalf of culture, commerce, and beliefs. Posters have turn out to be an essential part of the cityscape. They are pasted next to each other on large plywood hoardings attached to windowless walls of old buildings or onto fences nearby parks and construction sites. Formally selected for poster show, these impeccable colourful quilts of public billboards not just distribute information on cultural, sports, and political events but as well function as continually changing outdoor exhibitions of graphic art. Throughout such extensive and continuous exposure, poster design has become one of the most reachable and effectual art forms, reaching out and influencing even that part of the public that does not regularly visit museums or galleries. In juried exhibitions, the best posters accomplish national disclosure, and for numerous graphic artists, book illustration as well as poster design are significant vehicles for a wider acknowledgment of their personal style both at home and overseas. A feature widespread to all the designers is their striving for self-expression in an atmosphere that demands political conformity. They seem aim on designing posters that have an emotional impact as well as appeal to the sense however that as well challenge the viewer to an intellectual response. Their metaphors include lyrical and neo-surrealist overtones, drama, irony, or playful humour, along with the message is delivered in a diversity of styles. A poster constitutes a mirror for the times it is created in. Like a mirror it reflects the political and the social situation, it informs concerning the repertoire of movie theatres and dramatic theatres, it announces sporting events, it encourages purchasing various goods. The socio-political poster plays a definite propaganda role. Those who commission it anticipate that effective impact of the work of art upon the viewer will allow them to come nearer to their desired goal. The goal varies depending on the circumstances: winning a war, or a presidential election, or a legislative campaign; a struggle to change social behaviours or attitudes. My overall aim is to not to just identify and define the design of a typical poster, I aim to concentrate my focus around the film industry and really look at how film posters have changed over time. Not only in a visually sense, but I also aim to look at how the handling of them has changed, when did they become considered as piece of art and part of the cityscape? When did they become collectable items? And what impact do they have today? I aim to do this by researching through a wide range of resources from books, internet articles and through poster archives, looking as far back as the late 19th century into todays society. History of the art of movie posters Cinema along with film posters are the physical living form of the special movies we have enjoyed throughout the years. Even though there is a big market for collecting film posters, they were for no reason anticipated or produced to be sold to the public. They were just intended to endorse as well as attract viewers to approach to the local theatres that were showing the films. Nowadays these rare original movie posters are in huge demand. They are the solid souvenirs of most wanted films and stars whose characters we fell in love with. (Bruce Hershenson, 1999) Surprisingly in the early days of movie making actors were not typically depicted on the film posters. The label of the film and the producer and directors names were typically the attraction until Hollywood realized that it was the actors who brought in the viewers. It was at that time that the stars of movies were then plastered on each poster giving life to a new era in the film industry. Movie posters created earlier than the eighties were for the most part returned to the studios or poster sources as well as destroyed when the archives became full or the films run had ended. Unluckily numerous early film posters prepared for hit movies for example Casablanca, King Kong, Frankenstein as well as The Wizard of Oz were destroyed consequently of natural disasters that occurred in the duration of World War II. As people turned out to be more responsive of their value theatre owners began to disregard return policies and those film posters that were spared are extensively sought these days by collectors and dealers. (Bruce Hershenson, 1999) Before 1940, almost every film studio maintained its own offices in each main city. The studios would send the films as well as their posters to all the exchange offices and from there, they wound often be distributed to the adjoining theatres. The big city theatres would just go to the exchange and collect the films and posters right before they were scheduled to appear on screen (for big films they might order extra posters beforehand of the opening to produce an elaborate display). Theatres in smaller towns would receive their materials via a Greyhound bus, which back then serviced very nearly every town in the country. The films would be transported in containers and the posters would be protected in a side section or pouch of the same container. (Bruce Hershenson) The majority of theatres would show a film for probably just short of a week (as part of a program that might comprise 2 features, a cartoon, a newsreel, and possibly a serial chapter), and after that they were often send on to the next theatre. Frequently the theatre manager would put the film on a late night bus right subsequent to his last showing and it would arrive at the next theatre the following morning, in time to be displayed for that nights show. The film might go by bus through a circuit of lots of theatres before returning back to one of the exchange offices. Once the film was returned to the exchange, it would go back out to other theatres, and frequently the posters had to be replaced, as they were worn out and tattered from being put up and taken down quite a lot of times. (Bruce Hershenson, 1999) This could explain why posters from before 1940 are tremendously rare. Theatre owners couldnt give their posters to collectors, regardless of how hard they begged, since they were needed at the next theatre. This entire system of having to cope with each studio independently might sound very incompetent, however remember that in the 1920s and 1930s a lot of theatres were owned by the studios and so merely showed that studios product; and it wasnt that difficult for most of the independents to just acquire their films from a couple of studios. However if all the posters were returned with the films, how are there any posters at all from before 1940? For single thing, one form of poster, window cards (14 x 22) were bought in great quantities by an individual theatre and (once they added their name as well as play dates to the top) circulated to store windows around city. Those were exposed after the film was finished playing. An additional way they carry on is in the backs of old picture frames, for framers would repeatedly use window cards (available free of charge) as backing boards. However as for other posters remaining these days, an enormous amount come from other countries, for those did not have to be returned to the U.S.; at the time, the value of the posters was less than the cost of the postage to return them. There have been huge finds of pre-1940 U.S. posters in Canada, Columbia, and numerous other countries. (Bruce Hershenson, 1999) Additionally there have been various great finds in the U.S., for example the Cosy Theatre Collection in Los Angeles. This was a theatre that maintained its own exchange of posters from the untimely 1930s to the 1950s for distribution to Los Angeles theatres. In 1968 the theatre owner offered his entire collection of posters (containing tens of thousands of posters and lobby cards, as well as hundreds of thousands of stills) for trade for $25,000, and it was difficult to find a buyer! At todays prices, the collection would put up for sale for millions of dollars. Except the enormous finds (which almost certainly account for 90% of the pre-1938 posters identified), posters as well are from time to time found in one other main way. During the 1910s and 1920s (and to a slighter degree in the 1930s), builders would over and over again look for material to put inside the walls of buildings (or beneath the floors) to serve as filling. Several enterprising builders hooked up with poster exchanges to obtain great amounts of outdated posters and place them in the walls of their new homes. There was known to be at least ten occasions where somebody has been remodelling their house in the 1990s and discovered posters in the walls or under the floor. Occasionally they are mouldy and mildewed and need huge amounts of restoration, but infrequently they are so powerfully pressed jointly that they undergo in relatively excellent circumstance. This again shows how in the early 20th film posters were not considered in any way valuable after their use in the th eatres. They were not recycled or thought of as collectable pieces of art they were simply discarded for constructional waste. The vast commons of pre-1938 posters identified were found in one of the above ways. Very rarely a theatre owner might order extra posters to keep, or someone who had access to posters might keep a particular poster as a keepsake, but by and large absolutely everybody who handled posters viewed them as disposable advertising, much like newspapers. Old newspapers (like comics books or baseball cards) survive in quantity only because they were sold by the millions, and some people never throw out anything. Movie posters, on the other hand, were never obtainable by the general public. It does seem particularly amazing that the studios themselves never thought to maintain an archive of their posters. In recent years some of them have spent hundreds of thousands of dollars buying back a tiny percentage of the posters that they literally sold for pennies each! (Bruce Hershenson, 1999) Rarity cannot be understood of pre-1938 posters when Bruce Hershenson thinks that for at least a large number of films not a single poster or lobby card is known, and for many others only lobby cards or window cards are known. It is very unusual to find a film from before 1938 from a major studio on which more than ten copies of a one-sheet is known. (Posters from lesser studios are often found in large quantity because when the studio goes out of business they often have hundreds of copies of each poster on hand. An example is the Norman Film Company, which made all-black cast films. Huge supplies of these posters were found, and they are among the most common of all silent posters.) The system of every studio maintaining its own supply of posters in every one of its branch offices became very cumbersome, and in 1940, National Screen Service was formed. Warehouses (called poster exchanges) were set up in most major cities across the U.S., and each studio contributed its posters from the last couple of years to get it started (Exchanges definitely had posters from 1937-39 in abundance, but nothing like the quantities they would have of post-1940 material. The exchanges had virtually nothing from before 1937, which explains the vast rarity difference between pre-1937 and post-1940 material. For each new release in 1940, the printers put National Screen Service (NSS) numbers on the bottom right of every poster. For 1940 only, they used a first number that began with 40, followed by a slash mark and more numbers (for example 4011/524). The 40 referred to 1940, and the rest of the numbers referred to in what order the poster had been printed, to make it easier for people to find the posters when stored in a large warehouse (many films had similar or the same titles). In 1941, the simplified the code to be just 41, followed by a slash mark and three numbers (for example 41/245). This was unfortunate, for in the present day it has resulted in acknowledgeable collectors assuming that they had a limited edition poster (in the previous case, #41 out of an edition of 245). This system continued all the way through the late 1970s, and makes identifying the year of 1940-1979 posters extremely easy. It also makes identifying re-issues simple, for they would put the re-issue year in the NSS number, and put a big capital R in front of it. So in the above example, if the 1941 film, NSS #41/245, was re-issued in 1954, it would have a new number such as R54/621. (Bruce Hershenson) It appears each exchange received a huge number of each poster (at least). Bruce says this for two reasons. One is the economics of full-colour printing are such that once you get the presses rolling, it is very cheap to keep on printing, and it is much more expensive to reprint items. Thus, it just would not make sense to print less than say five or ten thousand of a full-colour item. Second, when exchanges were bought out in the 1960s (see below), it was not at all uncommon for a single exchange to have well over 100 of a single item, even after years of distributing that item. Of course there was not an even distribution of items, but I think it fair to say that for most items that were in exchanges, hundreds of each survives today. Bruce also thinks it fair to say that for most pre-1937 items less than ten of each survive today (with the exception of those items that were found in huge quantities, such as the Norman Film Company posters). (Bruce Hershenson, 1999) In the 1940s, the studios would charge a rental fee to the theatre, which would return the poster after using it (hence the warning that has frightened collectors for years, beginning This poster is the property of National Screen Service). At some point NSS realized that it was easier to just print more posters and sell them outright (probably this was due to rising postal rates. Bruce has owned many posters that were mailed folded in the 1940s, without an envelope, and the cost was three cents!) Bruce has brochures from exchanges from the early 1960s, where they offer new one-sheets for 25 cents each, with other prices on other sizes. The brochure might say 1964 and 1965 one-sheets, 25 cents each, 1963 and earlier 15 cents each! This shows they had no clue that these posters had collectible value, but also that there were next to no collectors before the early 1960s (just like comic book collecting). The few collectors there were in the 1950s kept buying all the posters they could afford from exchanges and didnt talk about it. (Bruce Hershenson, 1999) Then in the mid-1960s, some enterprising individuals began to buy the individual poster exchanges. Bruce had no idea what they paid, but Bruce has no doubt it was an absolute steal, as the exchanges thought they had warehouses full of practically worthless old paper. (Certainly Bruce admired these individuals, for that one business decision made them, financially set for life. They saw an opportunity no one else saw, and they took advantage of it.) The new owners began offering old posters at collectors prices, usually around $1.00 or $1.50 for an older one-sheet. They did next to no advertising, and they often sold a great deal to the local collectors, who heard about them by word of mouth. Some individuals, such as Tanner Miles, would buy posters from the exchanges in huge quantities and try to double their money at collectible shows. (Bruce own personal introduction to movie posters came in 1968 at an Oklahoma City collectibles show, where Bruce, being a full-time comic book deale r, was intrigued by the many boxes of movie posters Bruce saw at Tanner Miles tables. Bruce spent over $40 with him, a huge amount of money for me at the time, and Bruce went home with a large box of posters and lobby sets). (Bruce Hershenson, 1999) But it didnt take long for the dealers to see that they were rapidly running out of the most popular titles (particularly horror and sci-fi) and they started raising prices on popular titles. The two exchanges that were best organized and sold the most posters to collectors were Theatre Poster Exchange in Memphis, Tennessee, and Movie Poster Service in Canton, Oklahoma (both are still in business and both give excellent service). Bruce remember seeing better quality posters priced at $20 in the early 1970s, and wondering how much higher prices could go! But it is important to realize that pre-1937 posters were always scarce, even in 1965. Bruce remembers seeing a Valentino lobby card in 1969, and the price was $20, when virtually no post-1940 item sold for as much. The price was high because even then, silent items were virtually unheard of. Bruce have heard old-time collectors talk of the days when they bought Frankenstein and Dracula lobby sets from exchanges, but I know this never happened (maybe it was House of Frankenstein and House of Dracula and the stories got embellished over the years). (Bruce Hershenson, 1999) Sometime in the late 1970s, those who printed movie posters began printing huge numbers of extra posters which they did not fold in the regular way, but instead left unfolded (rolled). It is not clear to me if this was done with the studios permission or knowledge, or if it was done independently by the printers. One would think it may well have started around the time of Star Wars or especially Return/Revenge of the Jedi, when these posters instantly began selling for collectible prices. Maybe someone contacted someone at the printers and persuaded them to print a bunch of extra posters. Unfortunately if this was done without the studios knowledge, then well probably never know the full story, for the principals involved are unlikely to admit to it. At this time, several collectibles dealers became tied to whoever supplied rolled one-sheets, and began offering them to collectors. The odd thing is that it remained a very clandestine business, shrouded in mystery. Even today, one can have no idea who prints the rolled one sheets, how they can be contacted, how they can be purchased directly, and so forth. Of course those who act as middlemen for distributing these posters dont want the answers to get out, but its just a matter of time before it happens. (Bruce Hershenson, 1999) The artist given credit for creating the movie poster was Jules Cheret who created two posters in the 1890s. One was a film short called Projections Artistiques, and the other a Theatre program called Pantomimes Lumineuses. During this early time movie posters  would not contain the title of a short film but just the name of the company who made them. 1896 marked the first time a poster would be made for a specific movie and not just a movie company. The film was called LArroseur Arrose, This marked the beginning of the new design. Posters began to portray more information and focus of the name of the film rather than the company that designed them. However comparing that to todays world you see that this has changed again, where now the main focus seems to be around the main actor or actress, as its them who promote the films success and attract the eyes of the viewers. So the 1900s would mark the beginning of the utilization of modern film techniques which would be used in the American movie The Great Train Robbery, 1903. The movie only last eleven minutes and was extremely popular. By the end of the first decade of the last century movies had become a great source of entertainment for the public with movie companies growing in greater numbers. From this time period,  the movie poster would get a standard size known as the one sheet measuring 27 x 41. (Edwin and Susan, 2001) The Change of movie posters over decades 1910s 1920s   In the early days movie stars werent known, so the names of actors did not appear on the posters. Besides the movie studios liked it that way so they wouldnt have to pay more money to actors. Things certainly have changed with actors like Will Smith, Denzel Washington, and Johnny Depp commonly getting checks over or around 20 million dollars per movie.   During this early period in movie history movie studios realized that movie stars were as much an attraction for the moviegoer as the movie itself. So the movie star was born, and movie posters started showcasing the names of the actors as well as the title of the movie. The bigger the star the bigger their name appeared on the poster. Other promotional materials were soon used such as billboards, lobby cards and the press books. (Edwin E. Poole and Susan T. Poole, 2001) In the 1920s, the golden age of the silent movies, posters became more artistic and spectacular. Accomplished Artists were hired to paint portraits of the stars for the movie studios to be used as movie posters. By the mid 1920s talkies as they were called were introduced. Movie attendance shot up to 110 million by 1929 from 60 million in 1927. During this time movie poster images would become sharper due to a new printing process by the Morgan Litho Company. 1930s   The Golden Age of Movies  as it is known in the movie industry saw  the beginning of great musicals, gangster movies, westerns, and horror movies created for the growing public hunger for movies. One of the biggest money makers of all time came from the end of this decade, a little picture called 1939s Gone with the Wind, (Films Posters of the 30s). Two styles of movie poster were created, one sheets and half sheets. Major movies would sometimes get more than the two different styles. However due to the depression of the time period, with the beginning of World War II, a lot of movie materials had been created more cheaply, causing movie posters to lose some of the quality as they had previously. All the posters at this time were hand rendered, which gave them a sense of warmth and humanity but around the late 1930s they lost that and slowly didnt seem to capture the iconography of the film as well as the likes of King Kong did for example, which was only several years earlier. ( Films Posters of the 30s) 1940s 1950s   During World War II war movies became the biggest theme for movies of the time. A number of movie stars joined the military and the entire industry did what they could for the war effort. The movie industry cut advertising costs using cheaper paper for posters due to the paper shortage of the war time. The 1950s would see the invention of the movie industrys biggest competitor, the television set. The movie industry came out with bigger screens for large scale movies like Ben Hur, and 3-D movies. Drive-in movies were at their peak, and movie posters adopted a style of the new fan magazines with colour photographs of the major movie stars and large stock lettering. (Edwin E. Poole and Susan T. Poole, 2001) 1960s 1970s Teen movies were the big thing in the early sixties. Beach movies and Elvis Presley ruled the movie theatres. James Bond stirred up the action genre, but by the end of the sixties into the seventies times were a changing and posters reflected this change of attitude towards sex and violence. By the 1970s everything changed. Gone were the simple days of Andy Griffith and Mayberry. Hello Dirty Harry! Before the decade was over Clint Eastwood would make our day, we would see John Travolta charming his way in the likes of Grease and Saturday Night fever, wed cheer Sylvester Stallone as Rocky, race off to other parts of the galaxy in Star Wars and be made to believe a man can fly in Superman. Movie posters used photography occasionally using drawing and painting styles. Star Wars and Star Trek posters were the most popular creating collectables out of many today. Artist Drew Struzan is one of the most admired posters artists still today for his designs for the Star Wars and Indiana Jones films. Movie posters at this time were now being printed on a clay-coated paper which gave them a glossy finish. (Visual Ref; Film Posters of the 30s- 90s by Tony Nourmand) and (Drew Struzan) 1980s 1990s   The age of special effects blockbusters, the 1980s broke records with awesome films like The Empire Strikes Back,   Return of the Jedi, E.T., more Superman movies, Raiders of the Lost Ark, 2 more Indiana Jones movies, more James Bond movies, Ghostbusters, Batman, Back to the Future, The Terminator, more Rocky movies, and dont forget Rambo. (Visual Ref; Film Posters of the 80s- 90s by Tony Nourmand) This decade meant more screens per theatre and more advertising material. The mini sheet was invented, and the video store became popular creating the video store poster. The 1990s saw the beginning of new computerization technology used in films like Jurassic Park. Armageddon, Independence Day and Arnie was back in Terminator 2; Judgement Day. The one sheet continued to be used for posters as well as the mini sheet. 2000- Recent Decade In the recent decade Spider-man has web spun his way into the record books, DVDs have slowly replaced the VHS video, and posters are sold in many stores with reprints of movie posters currently being mass produced. Collectors of movie posters and other materials may have their hands full nowadays determining  which poster is the original and which is the duplicate. On the other hand the development of mass production and duplication now allows anyone who wants a Spider-man poster on their bedroom wall and doesnt care whether its the original or the twentieth reprint, the poster is just a click away on the internet. (Edwin E. Poole and Susan T. Poole, 2001) This shows how the mass difference of how posters are handling poster today compared to finding them in your walls and under your floor boards when it comes to redecorating your home. How detailed the poster designs were done back in the 1930s and 40s A number of different poster designing methods were available back in 1930s and 1940s, outlined here: Chromolithograph Based upon the principles of lithography, a separate stone or plate was made for each colour. The final colour image resulted from the build-up of successive, individual colour printings. It was associated with the production of posters from the 1850s to the 1930s. Handmade One-off designs generally produced within competitions by, for instance, employees or children. Intaglio Printing Generic term for printing processes where an image is etched or engraved into the surface of a plate. The plate is then covered with ink, wiped clean, leaving ink only in the incised lines, with the impression then made direction onto paper. Photogravure is one of the key processes produced by this means. Lithograph Printing method based on the principle that oil and water do not mix. Using a greasy medium, an image is drawn on a flat surface of fine-grained porous limestone or zinc plate. The stone or plate is then dampened and inked. The water repels ink from most the surface so that the ink adheres only to the drawn lines. Dampened paper is applied to the stone or plate and rubbed with a special press to make the final print. This was a development that enabled the cheap and cost-effective mass printing of colour image and is the most common method for posters. (Richard and George, 2007) Offset-Lithograph A popular commercial method of printing where the image to be printed is transferred (offset) first from the cylindrical metal plate on to a rubber-coloured cylinder, and then from this cylinder on to the paper surface, capable of printing on a variety of paper surfaces on both sides of the paper in four colours (can be simultaneous) in a variety of sizes. Small machines are available as in-house printing presses to commercial organisations to a maximum size of A3 (297 x 420mm). Photogravure Detailed intaglio prints made by a commercial photographic process. Varying depths of recessed dots are engraved into a copper-plated steel cylinder, filled with ink, surplus ink removed from the surface, and then transferred directly to the printed surface, a high-quality process particularly used for the production of long-run magazines and packaging. Photo-Lithograph Photo-Lithograph is a process whereby, a photograph is taken of an original painting essentially, the same process as lithography or offset-lithography. (Richard and George, 2007) Silk-Screen Also known as serigraphy, a method favoured by fine art printmakers, Developed into the modern printing technique of screen printing in which a printed image is made by passing ink through a screen attached to a stencil onto paper. A print-making technique based on stencilling. Ink or paint is brushed through a fine screen made of silk, and masks are used to produce the design. These can be made of paper, or from varnish applied to the silk itself. (Richard and George, 2007) The use of computer software in making Movie posters In recent times, the use of technology such as different computer software has made it really easy and time effective for designers to create movie posters. Nowadays, it can take as less as 30 minutes to few hours to create a movie poster, which can further be printed out in larger sizes by use of other giant copiers and printers such as Xerox. The most widely used computer software is Adobe Photoshop. This software gives an ease of access and is one of the most simplified designing software. Adobe Photoshop gives the designer the ability, due to its layers, to create any form of printed promotional material. By utilizing only few layers, the attractive scene from the movie recording can be taken and then adding title of the movie along with the casts name can be merely take few hours which then results in a very striking movie poster. The Class: The work done in past by the artists in order to create and design film posters was in indeed of high calibre as there were no facilities available for him/her to assist him in order to design the poster that would represent the film. All had to be done by him manually without the facility of modern computers and graphic designing software. The class was un match able as the poster that the artist used to make would have been assigned to him with the theme of the story and the work on it would normally start at the same time when the production of the film will start and will take long time to design it and get it approved by the concerned people who initially order it. This effort would have been based on outstanding hard work and imagination of the artist to produce a master piece that will get the attention of viewers and will attract them towards the cinema halls and theatres. The Costs: